60 Ways - 45. Scout For Weeds And Know Their Economic Thresholds

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60 Ways Farmers Can Protect Surface Water

50 ways

57 ways

60 ways

Managing Surface Cover

1. Distribute residue evenly at harvest
2. Avoid fall tillage
3. Determine how your operations will affect residue cover
4. Estimate residue cover in the field
5. Adjust equipment to preserve residue
6. Plant a cover crop
7. Rotate crops
8. Select vigorous perennial pasture species
9. Protect the soil with special-use annual forage crops
10. Protect the soil with rotational grazing
11. Use no-till when renovating pasture
12. Manage timberland to protect soil

Controlling the Flow of Water

13. Reduce soil compaction and increase infiltration
14. Install grassed waterways
15. Plant vegetative filter strips or make critical area plantings
16. Farm on the contour
17. Use contour stripcropping and contour buffer strips
18. Install terraces
19. Install grade control structures
20. Install water and sediment control basin
21. Use diversions
22. Install a farm pond
23. Maintain your dtrainage system to protect surface water
24. Control streambank erosion with the willow-post method
25. Avoid channelization of streams and creeks

Managing Nutrients Effectively

26. Set realistic yield goals
27. Monitor the level of nutrients
28. Credit other nitrogen sources
29. Select nitrogen fertilizers wisely
30. Apply nitrogen in the spring
31. Apply fertilizer with a global positioning system

Managing Livestock Waste Effectively

32. Keep livestock out of water
33. Divert runoff water
34. Collect and store contaminated runoff
35. Install a vegetative filter - in appropriate
36. Determine accurate manure application equipment
37. Calibrate manure application equipment
38. Apply manure wisely

Reducing Insecticide Use

39. Scout fields for insects
40. Base decisions on the economic thresholds for insects
41. Use insect-resistant crop varieties
42. Use crop rotation and plant diversity to control insects
43. Spot-treat insect infestations when possible
44. Conserve beneficial insects

Reducing Herbicide Use

45. Scout for weeds and know their economic thresholds
46. Fine-tune your weed-control program to cut back on herbicides
47. Manage crops to compete aggressively with weeds
48. Don't assume that no-till requires more herbicide
49. Band herbicides and cultivate
50. Control weeds with cover crops

Selecting Pesticides

51. Select the leat-toxic pesticide
52. Determine your soil's potential for runoff
53. Determine your pesticide's potential for runoff
54. Determine the soil-pesticide interaction rating

Handling Pesticides Safely & Efficiently

55. Calibrate your sprayer
56. Consider direct injection and closed handling systems
57. Observe setback zones
58. Rinse and dispose of chemical containers safely
59. Dispose of excess chemical safely
60. Dispose of other farm waste safely

45. Scout For Weeds And Know Their Economic Thresholds
	Scouting for weeds keeps you on top of shifting weed pressures and makes it easier to spot-treat for weed problems. The result may be less chemical use and less risk that weeds will develop resistance to certain herbicides. Scout weeds early—10 to 12 days after planting. This improves the chances of control and timely application of herbicides. Then scout periodically for four to six weeks, sampling enough areas to get an accurate count of the different weeds present throughout the field.
	Identify and record the location of all weed species found. If a weed cannot be identified, send samples to a local or state laboratory. Record the approximate height and growth stage of both the weeds and the crop. In all sample areas, calculate the severity of the problem by counting the number of weeds per 10 feet of row for large infestations or every 100 feet of row for smaller infestations.
	Draw a weed map for each field early in the season. This map will be useful for monitoring changes in weed infestations from year to year. Along with weed condition reports, early soil moisture observations are important. Adequate moisture is necessary for effective weed control with most soil-applied herbicides.
	After you assess a weed problem through scouting, consider the economic threshold, which compares the cost of weed control with the expected yield loss due to weeds. Economic thresholds for weeds may be most useful after some form of primary weed control has been done. Growers could then decide if additional weed management practices are economically justified.